2025 is the year of The Collaborative Chain Abstraction stack — join Particle, Biconomy, and SEDA for a Proof-of-Chain Abstraction Series.
Numerous infra projects have been building the foundations of the Chain Abstraction (ChA) tech stack across 2024. Ongoing industry-wide innovation has resulted in a clearer understanding of the infrastructure layers that will enable chain abstracted experiences. This Proof of Chain Abstraction series will cover chain abstraction from the stack to transaction flows and real, tangible experiences that enable users to just apps.
Article Overview
- The Stack At A Glance
- Transaction Creation — Particle Network
- Transaction Management — Biconomy
- Settlement & Verification — SEDA
- Chain Abstracted UX
The Stack At A Glance
A visual breakdown of the 70+ protocols building for Chain Abstraction by The Rollup (Left) and the CAKE framework representing the ChA stack by froniter Research (Right)
To understand the technical stack that powers chain abstracted experiences, we can break the stack into three core pieces.
- Transaction Creation Layer — Where users create transactions
- Transaction Management Layer — Where transactions are processed
- Transaction Settlement Layer — Where transactions are completed.
Universal Account solutions such as Particle Network are at the top of the stack, orchestration and order flow projects like Biconomy are in the middle, and transaction verification projects like SEDA protocol are at the bottom. Each layer manages a separate section of a transaction’s journey from creation and pathways to verification and execution. For a user, the experience is powerfully simple transactions, in seconds.
Universal Accounts, created by Particle Network, address the liquidity fragmentation issue that plagues current onchain UX. Instead of managing multiple gas tokens and fragmented assets across numerous chains, Particle Network combines a user’s tokens across all chains, empowering them with a unified balance usable across every network.
Imagine a user has $10 USDC on EVM chains Optimism, Arbitrum, and Ethereum and $10 USDC on Solana. The spendable balance on the user’s Universal Account would be $40. Currently, Universal Accounts support this across 12 EVM chains and Solana, with more VMs and chains to be included.
Transaction Management Layer — M.E.E by Biconomy
The transaction management layer encompasses multiple elements of the chain abstraction stack, such as user intents, Solver networks, and transaction order flows. Often referred to as transaction orchestration, projects within the management layer build unique rules and systems to order and execute multi-chain transactions seamlessly.
Biconomy recently introduced its “Modular Execution Environment (MEE)” framework, which empowers apps to compose completely chain-abstracted transaction rules across all blockchains. With MEE, apps provide users with a full chain abstraction experience by composing complex transaction automation flows that mitigate bridging, gas, and the need for multiple accounts.
With orchestration management systems like Biconomy, chain abstracted transaction flows are built into the app experience. When a user creates a transaction in Particle’s Wallet, the complexities associated with multi-chain transactions become simple and automated, ensuring transactions happen as and where they should.
Transaction Settlement Layer — Verification with SEDA
Blockchains cannot access data outside of their execution environments. So when Solvers within the MEE framework execute a user transaction, third parties are needed to verify the transaction and send a transaction receipt back to the origin chain. Programmable Oracles like SEDA are used to query Solvers’ transactions on any chain to provide tapps and origin networks with a receipt proving the transaction has been completed.
SEDA compliments Biconomy’s and Particle Network’s chain-agnostic design by natively integrating with any chain. As more users create transactions across any blockchain from within a Universal Wallet, Solvers within Biconomy’s MEE will execute these transactions on any blockchain. With SEDA plugged into all blockchains, user transactions can be verified and settled industry-wide, allowing for a top-to-bottom chain abstracted stack covering any current and future chain.
The Chain Abstraction Experience
“Chain Abstraction: a user experience exempt from the manual processes required to interact with multiple chains” — Particle Network
The end goal is to create an environment that blends the standard, fluid experiences of traditional apps with the inherent benefits provided by blockchain technology. Users who interact with Web2 apps are not required to manage each step of their transactions or inputs manually. Instead, users just use apps and enjoy the experience, free from the obligation of understanding the technical complexities fueling their app experience.
By using Particle Network’s Universal Accounts with Biconomy’s Modular Execution Environment verifiable by SEDA’s Programmable Oracles, the onchain user experience will begin to feel like using traditional apps. Where users were forced to manage each transaction step, the Chain Abstraction stack mitigates transactional difficulties providing a powerfully familiar and intuitive experience where users simply just use apps.
